On March 15, the Trump administration ordered the reinstatement of the Mid-Term Evaluation (MTE), which provides for a full review of the corporate average fuel efficiency (CAFE) standards.
The CAFE standards, set in 2009, require cars and light duty trucks sold in the U.S. to reach an average fuel economy of 41.7 miles per gallon (mpg) by 2020 and 51.4 mpg by 2025. Note that the more challenging efficiency gains are scheduled for the out years. It’s the reason why the review was a central provision of the original agreement on setting longer-term fuel efficiency standards.
{mosads}Of special concern when the standard was set was that adjustments to the program might be necessary should new circumstances arise that would make the regulation more costly, including a long period of lower gasoline prices, changes in consumer preferences, health of the auto industry and/or the pace at which new technologies could be adopted into future model years.
CAFE standards entail considerable economic risks because mandated advances in fuel efficiency are pushing against a technology that is already very efficient. In other words, we are experiencing the law of diminishing returns.
Illustrative of some of the success can be taken from the iconic film “Bullitt” in which Steve McQueen pursues the villains in a 1968 Mustang GT, 4 Speed, 328 HP Fastback. That muscle car spewed out somewhere from 1,500 pounds to 1 ton of so-called criteria pollutants (carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and sulfur dioxide) per 100,000 miles.
Today’s Mustang puts out somewhere between 10-20 pounds of criteria pollutants over the same distance. The automobile industry has made considerable progress in making cleaner vehicles, but further improvements will require moving up a steeper cost curve.
An important, but often not fully appreciated issue by regulators, is that increasing CAFE standards come with some important and counterproductive second order effects. For example, as new cars become more expensive due to the requirements to meet higher CAFE standards, the existing fleet turns over at a slower rate, undermining the near term objectives of the regulation.
This is especially true for older gas guzzlers, which continue to retain considerable value in the used car market. If you make newer, more expensive cars — especially the larger ones consumers want — the fleet of older cars will turn over at a slower pace.
There is also the so-called rebound effect as vehicle miles traveled rise as automobiles become more efficient. We now have plenty of research in the academic community and think tanks on both these topics and this research should certainly be part of the MTE.
A related concern is the importance of sustaining a “National Standard.” The automobile industry requires very large economies of scale to prosper, so there is considerable economic value to a single CAFE standard for sales throughout the continental U.S.
In the past, California was given a waiver to set their own standards in deference to the unique and severe air quality problems in the state. However, California is now likely to balk at any substantial change in the CAFE schedule based on concerns over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
California’s interest in a higher CAFE is largely to address GHG emissions, but there is not much of a case that in doing so the state is addressing a local concern since (i) climate is global in scope, and (ii) even if you accept the U.N. methodology for estimating climate benefits from reduced loadings of carbon dioxide, any initiative undertaken by California will have no measurable result on global or local climate.
In case you missed it, we have a lot of upset voters in the industrial heartland. You know, that place where they build the automobiles. If we go through a long period of relatively low gasoline prices (a likely outcome) and we continue to move along a mandated requirement to the 51.4 mpg standard by 2025, there is a high likelihood we will see a mismatch between what consumers want to buy and what manufacturers are required to sell.
Automobile manufacturers face both the law of diminishing returns (the cost of future improvements in fuel efficiency are much more expensive), and, in response to lower gasoline prices, substantial shifts in consumer demand toward larger cars.
If the regulation is too stringent, the auto industry will experience an increase in stranded capital, which, in the real world, translates into higher prices for automobiles, job layoffs and output contraction.
Given the auto industry contributes 3.5 percent of U.S. gross national product and manufacturers and dealerships employ nearly a million workers, considerable care should be taken in evaluating the industrial consequences of the standard.
The Trump administration has given the MTE a second life. Setting the appropriate CAFE standard is an extremely complex undertaking, so the review offers an opportunity to give this important issue careful consideration. A rush to judgment on the standard will only further polarize a complex and large community of stakeholders.
Both Congress and the administration should take the time to understand the full range of economic and environmental consequences in moving to the 2025 standard, and, at the same time, evaluate alternatives that support sound economic policy and environmental goals.
Lou Pugliaresi is President of the Energy Policy Research Foundation Inc. (EPRINC) and Max Pyziur is senior advisor to EPRINC.
The views expressed by contributors are their own and not the views of The Hill.