Pregnant Women with Addiction Need Treatment, Not Punishment – Congress Can Help
For most parents, it is unimaginable to think that seeking medical care could lead to losing custody of their children, yet this devastating predicament is all too real for pregnant women with addiction in the United States.
In our nation, the systems that aim to protect children from the negative effects of parental substance use often prioritize punitive approaches over proven public health strategies. Fear of being imprisoned, stigmatized, or having their children removed makes many pregnant women with substance use disorder (SUD) afraid to seek medical care, contributing to poor maternal health outcomes. Some State laws, including the law in Illinois where I practice medicine, even mandate that healthcare professionals report cases of detected controlled substances in a newborn infant as evidence of child neglect. While the federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) has no such requirement, CAPTA’s overall approach has led to significant variation in how states, counties, and health care institutions implement its reporting requirements when substance use is involved during pregnancy.
People with the disease of addiction use substances in a way that becomes compulsive and often continues in the face of harmful consequences. Threatening child removal from a birthing parent with SUD without a risk assessment or evidence of danger to the child is not ultimately improving outcomes for children. Research has long shown that children affected by the trauma of family separation tend to experience worse long-term outcomes on a wide variety of indicators, including education, health, housing, employment, substance use, and involvement with the criminal legal system. With over 400,000 children in foster care across the US, the trauma of separation is widespread.
Forced separation also brings unimaginable pain to new families – triggering in some parents such despair that it deters them from seeking or continuing medical care, including treatment for their SUD. Study after study shows child removal is associated with parental overdose, mental illness, post-traumatic stress disorder, and return to substance use. Public health-oriented policies that can result in better outcomes for families are part of the solution.
As an addiction specialist physician, I am involved with the medical care of pregnant people with SUD, and I have seen counterproductive child welfare and criminal investigations launched after a newborn infant tests positive for a controlled substance. Too often, parents become hopeless about recovery once their children are gone.
Current policies and practices related to substance use during pregnancy also result in serious health inequities. Pregnant and parenting people of color are much more likely to be impacted by forced separation than their White counterparts. Black parents are more likely than White parents to be reported for substance use to the child protection system at their child’s delivery despite similar rates of drug use, while Black and Native American children are overrepresented in foster care relative to White children in the setting of parental substance use.
Meanwhile, health outcomes are unnecessarily worse for mothers of color. Since 80 percent of maternal deaths are due to a preventable cause such as overdose or suicide, we can save lives with policies and practices that encourage treatment, not punish pregnant women with SUD for seeking it. Policymakers need to remove controlled substance reporting requirements that overreach and contribute to the current punitive approach.
My heart breaks: for my patients and the unjust systems that punish the poor, and the individuals too afraid to get the help they need.
We need systemic change. The American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) supports ending punitive policies that cause lasting harm and discourage parents with addiction from seeking help in a recent public policy statement. ASAM encourages child protective services agencies not to use evidence of substance use, alone, to sanction parents—especially with child removal; supports eliminating in-utero substance exposure language in child abuse and neglect statutes, and supports policies that extend social services benefits and financial support to families in need. Importantly, as the US Senate contemplates reauthorizing and reforming CAPTA this year, ASAM urges Congress to make it clear to States that healthcare professionals who treat pregnant people taking medications for addiction, like methadone or buprenorphine for opioid use disorder, or their newborn infants, do not need to involve child protective services for that reason.
As a physician, my mission is to save lives. Recovery is possible with the right medical care and support. A pregnant person with addiction seeking medical care deserves a chance to heal and recover with her children. If we want pregnant and parenting people with addiction to access the evidence-based treatment they need, our decision-makers must embrace public health over punitive policies.
Countless Americans depend on it.
Dr. Ruchi Fitzgerald is a member of the American Society of Addiction Medicine’s (ASAM) Legislative Advocacy Committee.